EMOTIVIDAD Y COMUNICACIÓN SOCIAL EN EL TRASTORNO DEL ESPECTRO AUTISTA SIN DÉFICIT INTELECTUAL. UNA REVISIÓN.
Keywords:
Trastorno del espectro autista, Emoción, Cognición social, Habilidades sociales, Habilidades de comunicación, Regulación emocionalAbstract
Introducción: El Trastorno del Espectro Autista con necesidades básicas de apoyo/nivel 1 se enmarca en el trastorno del espectro autista sin deficiencia intelectual asociada ni dificultades del lenguaje formal. Cursa con alteración de la comunicación y del lenguaje a nivel funcional o social y con alteración del reconocimiento de las emociones.
Objetivos: El objetivo de esta revisión es determinar las características de la comunicación emocional y social en personas con trastorno del espectro autista sin déficit intelectual. Establecer trastornos comórbidos en el trastorno del espectro autista sin déficit intelectual. Exponer diferentes mecanismos o Técnicas para potenciar y promover la expresión y el reconocimiento emocional en personas con trastorno del espectro autista sin déficit intelectual.
Métodos: Revisión bibliográfica sistemática, al estilo de una revisión paraguas. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane y Dialnet, así como en las páginas web de organismos sanitarios y de investigación como la Confederación Española de Autismo, DSM-V, OMS (CIE-11) y el INE. Se incluyen publicaciones entre 2011 y 2023.
Resultados: Tras la búsqueda sistemática, se seleccionaron 22 artículos. Las personas con Trastorno del Espectro Autista sin déficit intelectual presentan déficits en el reconocimiento de emociones, propias y ajenas, a nivel de expresiones faciales y lenguaje no verbal. Se asocia con trastornos comórbidos como depresión y ansiedad junto con una mayor prevalencia del riesgo de la conducta suicida. Existen diferentes herramientas como la realidad virtual, los juegos interactivos o el entrenamiento en habilidades socioemocionales que mejoran las carencias presentes.
Conclusión: Las alteraciones emocionales conducen a un deterioro de la comunicación y del funcionamiento social. Los problemas de aislamiento social, rechazo y adaptación, junto con trastornos comórbidos como ansiedad, depresión y alto riesgo de autolesión, que son prevalentes en el trastorno del espectro autista sin déficit intelectual, disminuyen la calidad de vida de los pacientes que lo sufren. Para favorecer el reconocimiento emocional existen intervenciones como el empleo de la realidad virtual, los juegos o el entrenamiento en habilidades socioemocionales que permitan la preparación para el contacto con situaciones reales de interacción social.
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